Herbert A. Simon won the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1978 and the Turing Award in 1975, which no one else has managed, because he treated decision-making as one problem whether it appeared in an office, a market or a machine. Administrative Behavior (1947), written from his doctoral work, dismantled the assumption that organizations act rationally. Real decision-makers, Simon argued, cannot know all the options or compute all the consequences, so they operate under bounded rationality and stop searching as soon as they find something good enough — a process he named satisficing. The idea reshaped economics, organization theory and public administration at once. He then helped invent artificial intelligence. With Allen Newell he built the Logic Theorist and the General Problem Solver in the 1950s, programs that proved theorems and modelled human problem-solving as symbol manipulation. He spent almost his whole career at Carnegie Mellon, where he helped found both the business school's research programme and the computer science department. He died in 2001.